ISO 13849 Common Cause Failure comparison showing independent failure versus one common cause affecting redundant safety channels

ISO 13849 Common Cause Failure Explained – CCF and the 65-Point Assessment

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ISO 13849 Common Cause Failure Explained – CCF and the 65-Point Assessment Redundancy is an important design principle in many safety-related control systems. Two independent channels can help ensure that a single component failure does not lead to the loss of the safety function. However, redundancy only provides the intended benefit if both channels are …

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ISO 13849 Diagnostic Coverage classes None, Low, Medium and High with DC percentage ranges

ISO 13849 Diagnostic Coverage Explained – DC and DCavg

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ISO 13849 Diagnostic Coverage Explained – DC and DCavg Diagnostic measures are an important part of many safety-related control systems designed according to ISO 13849. While reliable components reduce the probability of dangerous failures occurring, diagnostics help detect dangerous failures when they occur. This concept is described by Diagnostic Coverage (DC). For the evaluation of …

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ISO IEC 27001 Clause 6 Planning overview showing risks and opportunities, information security objectives and planning of ISMS changes

ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 6 Explained – Planning for Information Security

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ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 6 Explained – Planning for Information Security Effective information security requires more than identifying risks or defining security policies. Organizations also need a structured approach for deciding what needs to be addressed, which objectives should be achieved and how planned changes to the Information Security Management System are implemented. This is the …

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ISO 13849 MTTFd classifications Low, Medium and High showing increasing reliability against dangerous failure

ISO 13849 MTTFd Explained – Mean Time to Dangerous Failure

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ISO 13849 MTTFd Explained – Mean Time to Dangerous Failure Reliability is an important part of evaluating safety-related control systems according to ISO 13849. One of the key parameters used for this purpose is MTTFd – Mean Time to Dangerous Failure. MTTFd describes the expected reliability of a component or channel with respect to failures …

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ISO 13849 Categories B, 1, 2, 3 and 4 showing single-channel, tested and redundant safety-related control system architectures

ISO 13849 Categories Explained – Categories B, 1, 2, 3 and 4

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ISO 13849 Categories Explained – Categories B, 1, 2, 3 and 4 ISO 13849 uses different architectural Categories to describe important characteristics of safety-related parts of control systems, commonly referred to as SRP/CS. The Categories range from Category B to Categories 1, 2, 3 and 4. They define requirements related to the architecture of the …

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ISO 13849 Performance Level workflow from hazard identification and risk assessment to PLr, safety-related control system design, achieved PL and verification

ISO 13849 Performance Levels Explained – PL a to PL e and PLr

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ISO 13849 Performance Levels Explained – PL a to PL e and PLr Functional safety in machinery is not simply about adding safety components. A safety-related control function must provide a level of risk reduction appropriate to the hazard it is intended to control. This is where Performance Levels become important. ISO 13849 uses Performance Levels …

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ISO IEC 27001 Clause 5 structure showing leadership and commitment, information security policy, and organizational roles and responsibilities

ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 5 Explained – Leadership

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ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 5 Explained – Leadership An effective Information Security Management System cannot be established by the IT department alone. Information security affects business processes, employees, suppliers, customers, technology, strategic decisions, and ultimately the entire organization. For this reason, ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 5 – Leadership places clear responsibilities on top management. Leadership must ensure …

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ISO IEC 27001 Clause 4 structure showing organizational context, interested parties, ISMS scope and establishment of the Information Security Management System

ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 4 Explained – Context of the Organization

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ISO/IEC 27001 Clause 4 Explained – Context of the Organization Before an organization can effectively manage information security risks, implement security controls, or define information security objectives, it first needs to understand the environment in which it operates. What business activities need protection? Which internal and external factors influence information security? Who are the relevant …

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Development Assurance Levels DAL A to DAL E showing the relationship between failure condition severity and aerospace development assurance

Development Assurance Levels (DAL) Explained – Aerospace Engineering Guide

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Development Assurance Levels (DAL) Explained – Aerospace Engineering Guide Safety-critical aerospace systems require significantly more development rigor than systems whose failure has little or no impact on aircraft safety. A failure in a flight control system, for example, can have fundamentally different consequences from a failure of a non-essential cabin function. Applying the same level …

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ISO 12100 machine safety workflow showing hazard identification, risk estimation, risk evaluation, risk reduction and residual risk assessment

ISO 12100 Explained – Machine Safety, Risk Assessment & Risk Reduction

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ISO 12100 Explained – Machine Safety, Risk Assessment & Risk Reduction Every machine introduces potential hazards. Moving components, sharp edges, electrical energy, high temperatures, unexpected startup, or stored energy can all create situations in which people may be harmed. The challenge for machine manufacturers is therefore not simply to identify hazards, but to systematically assess …

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